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Open Access Review

Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Challenges, Management and Outcomes

Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada

Saskatoon Cancer Center, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Riccardo Vigneri

Cancers 2021, 13(22), 5735; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225735 (registering DOI)

Received: 2 October 2021 / Revised: 3 November 2021 / Accepted: 12 November 2021 / Published: 16 November 2021

Simple Summary

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease in patients with cancer. It is a risk factor for certain cancers such as pancreatic, liver, colon, breast, and endometrial cancer. Furthermore, several new cancer treatments or the use of steroids may unmask underlying diabetes or aggravate preexisting diabetes. Evidence suggests that patients with cancer and diabetes have higher cancer-related mortality. Moreover, concurrent complications associated with diabetes in patients with cancer may influence the choice of cancer therapy. This review highlights the relationship between diabetes and cancer and various aspects of the management of diabetes in patients with cancer.

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus and cancer are commonly coexisting illnesses, and the global incidence and prevalence of both are rising. Cancer patients with diabetes face unique challenges. This review highlights the relationship between diabetes and cancer and various aspects of the management of diabetes in cancer patients. Methods: A literature search using keywords in PubMed was performed. Studies that were published in English prior to July 2021 were assessed and an overview of epidemiology, cancer risk, outcomes, treatment-related hyperglycemia and management of diabetes in cancer patients is provided. Results: Overall, 8–18% of cancer patients have diabetes as a comorbid medical condition. Diabetes is a risk factor for certain solid malignancies, such as pancreatic, liver, colon, breast, and endometrial cancer. Several novel targeted compounds and immunotherapies can cause hyperglycemia. Nevertheless, most patients undergoing cancer therapy can be managed with an appropriate glucose lowering agent without the need for discontinuation of cancer treatment. Evidence suggests that cancer patients with diabetes have higher cancer-related mortality; therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is important in the management of patients with diabetes and cancer for a better outcome. Conclusions: Future studies are required to better understand the underlying mechanism between the risk of cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, high-quality prospective studies evaluating management of diabetes in cancer patients using innovative tools are needed. A patient-centered approach is important in cancer patients with diabetes to avoid adverse outcomes. View Full-Text

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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shahid, R.K.; Ahmed, S.; Le, D.; Yadav, S. Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Challenges, Management and Outcomes. Cancers 2021, 13, 5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225735

AMA Style

Shahid RK, Ahmed S, Le D, Yadav S. Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Challenges, Management and Outcomes. Cancers. 2021; 13(22):5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225735

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahid, Rabia K., Shahid Ahmed, Duc Le, and Sunil Yadav. 2021. "Diabetes and Cancer: Risk, Challenges, Management and Outcomes" Cancers 13, no. 22: 5735. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225735

Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Author Biographies

Dr. Shahid Ahmed is a medical oncologist at the Saskatoon Cancer Center, Saskatoon and currently holds the appointment of Professor of Oncology at the University of Saskatchewan. He is currently the Medical Director of Academic at the Saskatchewan Cancer Agency and head of the Division of Oncology at the University of Saskatchewan. In addition to patients care he is committed to medical education and research. He is an active member of various local and national committees that are involved in patient care, medical education, and research. He has served as a continuing professional development educator for the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. His research is focused on clinical trials and outcomes research in breast and gastrointestinal cancer. He holds several research grants and is actively engaged in collaborative research and clinical trials. He has presented his works at several international meetings, and has published more than 80 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals.